![]() Abnormalities in the hippocampus have also been associated with PTSD and anxiety disorders. In traumatic brain injury, there may be physical damage to areas of the brain involved in the formation and retention of memories.īipolar disorder and major depressive disorder have both been associated with decreases in the size of the hippocampus. In Alzheimer’s Disease, protein plaques invade the brain. There is a broad range of illnesses that can have a negative impact on memory. ![]() Intensely stressful events may be so intolerable to the mind that they are repressed from conscious awareness. Stress can interfere with working memory, the encoding of memories, and the functioning of the hippocampus. The amygdala is involved in emotional memory and plays a significant role in trauma memories. The prefrontal cortex and parietal lobe are involved in working memory, while the hippocampus is the major structure involved in creating long-term memories. Several different areas of the brain can be involved in managing particular types of memories. Sleep enhances encoding for long-term storage and allows neural connections to be strengthened. Our long-term memory capacity is enormous. Sensory memory is also short-term, and holds sensory details from the massive amount of stimuli picked up by our senses for a very brief time, around one second. Functioning tends to decline in advanced age. Its capacity is correlated with complex cognitive task performance, including reading comprehension and problem-solving. ![]() Working memory holds material in the short term for processing and manipulation. When trying to recall a phone number we may repeat it to ourselves over and over in order to hold it in working memory this is referred to as a phonological loop. Experiments have found that when recalling numbers, such as a ten-digit phone number, it is easier to remember numbers in chunks of 3+3+4 digits rather than trying to remember the 10 digits as a single unit. Short-term memory is limited to around 18 seconds. Emotional learning, such as learning to fear a certain stimulus, is another form of implicit memory. With priming, retrieval of task-associated memories speeds up after doing the task. Procedural memory is one type of this, and it allows us to go on autopilot with routine tasks, like brushing our teeth. Implicit memory is what’s humming along behind the scenes. Episodic includes autobiographical (things related to the self), and flashbulb memories, which involve important events at a specific point in time. It consists of semantic (general knowledge) and episodic (memories of events) memories. Types of memory ExplicitĮxplicit memory, also known as declarative memory, is under conscious control and involves of factual information. Recall may be easier in the same physical location where the learning occurred. Retrieval can involve either recognition (recognizing a stimulus when presented) or recall (spontaneously producing information). Memories not only need to be encoded in the first place, but they also need to be stored and then retrieved when needed in the future. There are multiple different types, as well as multiple areas of the brain that are involved. In this series, I dig a little deeper into the meaning of psychological terms.
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